Chapter 3: Introduction to Technological Aspects of Privacy
Tracking Email Recipients and Cross-Device Tracking
HTML email can track opens via a unique tracking pixel; reading in plain text defeats it. Cross-device tracking links a user across devices using deterministic tracking (login-based) or probabilistic tracking (inferred from IPs, cookies, location).
How this supports CIPP/US study
Use this lesson to identify the legal source, actor, data and activity before applying a rule to a scenario. Continue with the CIPP/US study guide.
HTML email can track opens: a tracking pixel - a small image with a user-unique link - loads when the email is opened. To prevent it, the user can disable HTML and read in plain text.
| Technique | Basis |
|---|---|
| Deterministic tracking | Based on the same user login observed across multiple devices |
| Probabilistic tracking | Based on inferences from IP addresses, cookies, location, and behavioral data |
Key terms - quick answers
What is “Tracking pixel”?
A small image with a user-unique link or filename loaded when an email is opened, indicating the open (and clicks); disabled by reading in plain text.
What is “Cross-device tracking”?
The ability to link a single user to multiple devices such as phones, tablets, and laptops.
What is “Deterministic tracking”?
Cross-device linking based on the user logging in, so the same login is observed across devices.
What is “Probabilistic tracking”?
Cross-device linking based on inferences from sources like IP addresses, cookies, location, and behavioral data.
Sources and study method
This independent lesson uses active recall, spaced retrieval and scenario practice. Read the full study method.